Considering All Sides of the Era essays

Considering All Sides of the Era essays World Civilizations 10-7 Andrew Perron Thesis Paper 5/6/01 Between 1789 and 1799 France was going through great turmoil. Immense political and social upheavals were commonplace in the changing nation. New ideas were growing, ideas of freedom, government and of self-expression. Such new attitudes by the people gave rise to a new style of clothing. The clothing became more expressive and more ornate. People began to dress the way they wanted. French soon became the center stage for fashion. The French revolution, while failing in many aspects did one thing no one expected. The French revolution created a new image of fashion in France. There are several reasons that contributed to this occurrence. New beliefs of freedom, equality and self-expression each contributed to this new era of clothes. One major contributor to this new image in France was the new belief in freedom. This was a time in France were the tides were changing and the power over the country was moving from the hands of the Old regime to the Bougiose. As this occurred this working class felt a new freedom, and a respect for freedom that they had never felt before under the iron fists of the nobles. Such ideas broke the people away from their normal standards and every day drab. With a new freedom new ideas started to pop up everywhere. These new ideas led to the creation of the new costume... reproduced in Englands The Home Circle (Ewing, 123). With the new freedom people of all sorts started to speak up and voice their desires. This caused a revolution in fashion for France with the invention of the sewing machine and other cloth production machines the ideas quickly became vast quantities of fabrics (Ewing, 105). As restrictions gave way to freedom many old ideas gave way to new ones. With this newfou nd freedom womens wear especially went through a slow reform for wome...

European Management Style In Bangladeshi Culture Management Essay Essay Example

European Management Style In Bangladeshi Culture Management Essay Essay Example European Management Style In Bangladeshi Culture Management Essay Essay European Management Style In Bangladeshi Culture Management Essay Essay Discuss CRITICALLY the construct of national civilization with peculiar mention to your ain state. Critically review informations from a lower limit of two theoretical accounts plus other surveies. Attempt to accommodate any conflicting informations by sing issues of cogency, age, and sampling, recognizing issues of cultural alteration. What grounds is at that place to back up the construct of a national direction manner for your state? Offer a clear decision on these issues. Reflect critically on your ain experience of direction in your state, either as a director or as a subsidiary. Measure TWO critical incidents from your experience and associate them to at least TWO appropriate direction theoretical accounts, and to theoretical accounts of national civilization. To what extent do you see your experiences typical of direction manners in your state? The two elements have equal weighting and both parts must be passed to go through the assignment. Format REQUIRED: Essay non describe manner Full Harvard citing short mention in the text and full mentions in alphabetical order by family name is a mention list at the terminal the work. Ill referenced work will neglect atomically. Word bound is 3000 words and the word count must be given on the assignment. Appendixs may be added and will non be considered in the word count but should non transcend 1000 words- theoretical accounts etc may be placed at that place. There must be clear links in the text to the stuff in the appendices. Submission will be in 12 point Arial fount with 1.5 line spacing. Spelling, grammar and punctuation will be checked electronically and visually and corrected. An electronic transcript will be uploaded to JISC by the pupil and will be checked for plagiarism. Full inside informations on how to upload will be given before entry. Submission deadline- 25/June/2010 Introduction A major challenge of making concern internationally is to accommodate efficaciously to different civilizations. Such version requires an apprehension of cultural diverseness, perceptual experience, stereotypes, and values ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . Culture is acquired cognition that people use to construe experiences and bring forth societal behavior. This cognition forms values, creates attitudes and influences how people act ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . The chief features of civilization that most bookmans have defined are as follows: Learned Culture is obtained by larning, cognition, pattern, experience etc. instead than familial or replete. Shared Culture is non merely for peculiar individual it is about group of people, society or organisation and signifier through interactions. Transgenerational Culture endures from coevals to coevals. Symbolic Culture is based on symbols for illustration Language can be an of import facet of civilization that helps to stand for different substances and facts. Patterned Culture is integrated and consistent within and across the people, several alterations in action takes topographic point if there needs to be changed. Adaptive Culture is adaptative, people adapt to new fortunes and environment to suit it. As a assortment of civilizations do present in the universe, for international direction, the director do necessitate to cognize about the civilization that they are collaborating with otherwise things might turn out unsuccessful. A most of import characteristic in civilization is Values that is the cardinal rule of an person in relation to their thought of what is right and wrong, good and bad, important and undistinguished, right and incorrect. These are practiced in civilization where it has contemplation on person s behavior and hence due to differences in civilization values can hold different direction systems. Followings specify about how civilization can impact direction attacks: Centralized V. Decentralized In some civilization of a society, top-level directors take of import determinations whereas others give authorization to moo, mid degree directors or active participants to take determinations. Safety vs. Risk In some topographic points, hazards can be expected and uncertainnesss are handled while, others are wholly unwilling to take hazards and face job if any uncertainness arises. Individual vs. Group Rewards In some topographic points, persons are given wagess on their assessment while others consider group wagess. Informal V. Formal processs Some topographic point follow formal processs steadfastly whereas others get accomplishments with even informal processs. High vs. Low Organizational trueness In some topographic point, people gets acknowledgment or grasp by their organisational prominence while some people in other topographic point get to cognize as their professional label. Cooperation vs. Competition in some topographic points, people are encouraged to be competitory with their co-workers whereas in some topographic points they are meant to be concerted. Short term vs. Long term Horizons In some topographic point much focal point is given on short-run net income and efficiency while in other topographic points they think about long run ends. Stability V. Innovation some civilizations does retain their stablenesss and do non accept alterations but some do alterations and accept new occurrences and invention. International directors need to understand that due to differences in national civilization requires different direction attacks and behaviors. Needs to hold effectual integrating of different civilizations and methods. They need to understand that such direction that works in one state might non work into another in certain facets. In order to understand work on cultural issues, some research workers have established theoretical accounts that are still used widely in direction development process. Followings are the amplification of theoretical accounts from two well-known research workers Greet Hofstede and Fons Trompenaars. Hofstede theoretical accounts describes about differences in behavior in varied civilization whereas, Trompenaars talks about how people relate to each other, about clip and environment. Hofstede s Model Geert Hofstede s, a research worker, identified five cultural dimensions that show people from assorted civilizations have differences in their behavior. The research has been carried out in one organisation merely, IBM that is spread within 70 states, because the differences amongst national civilizations of all employees can be identified clearly as all variables were matched in other respects, like type of work, educational degrees for similar businesss, holding strong managerial civilization, organisation construction, techniques and processs. The five dimensions are discussed below: Power Distance: The extent to which the less powerful members of organisations and establishments accept and expect that power is distributed unevenly ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In civilization holding low power distance, people anticipate with advisory and independent environment. They relate to each other more as peers despite of formal places. Such civilizations have level organisational construction and be given to be decentralized. The people frequently can be found of extremely qualified and the salary scope between upper and lower degree places is normally narrow. By contrast, in civilization with high power distance, inequalities in the thick of people are normal and considered necessary. The environment is more bossy or paternalistic and the subsidiaries accept the domination from their upper hierarchal places. Such civilizations have tall organisational construction and be given to be centralized and frequently will dwell of people of less qualified and the wage bet ween upper and lower degree is normally broad. Uncertainty Avoidance: The extent to which people feel threatened by equivocal state of affairss and have created beliefs and establishments that try to avoid these ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . It deals how people are discerning about any unfamiliar enterprise and how they handle or minimise uncertainness. In civilization with high uncertainness turning away, people follow definite conventions and officially planned activities, maintain exact Torahs and regulations, directors prefer non to take hazards, have strong belief in experts and their cognition, be given to be less ambitious and prefer non to alter current employer. They are more emotional and have subjective feeling of jitteriness. By contrast, in civilization with low uncertainness turning away, it is to be followed unwritten, flexible conventions and do insouciant activities, they are more likely to follow few regulations, directors take hazards, have strong belief in Renaissance mans and common sense, be given to be really ambitious and prefer to alter employer often. They are less nerve-racking and more unconcerned, brooding and comfy about uncertainness and being encouraged to utilize their ain thoughts and take up liability for their activities. Individuality and Bolshevism: Individuality is the inclination of people to look after themselves and their immediate household merely ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, people are expected to look after oneself and 1s immediate household. Their individuality is based on single and they normally develop or formalized their ain single character and make up ones mind their associations. Belief exists in single judgements and has emotional independency from organisations and besides accent is on single enterprise and achievements. The relationship between employee and employer is a contractual on shared benefit. Collectivism is the inclination of people to belong to groups or collectives and to look after each other in exchange for trueness ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, people act more cohesively into groups or extended households and give part without holding any purpose in return. Their individuality is based on societal system and belief exists in-group opinions and has emotional dependences of the person on organisations and besides accent is on favor to organisations. The relationship between employee and employer is evident in ethical nomenclature. Masculinity and Femininity: Masculinity is a civilization in which the dominant values in society are success, money, and things ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, people tend to hold importance on money, repute, patterned advance and challenge instead than preservation of the environment. They are expected to be single determination shapers. Work forces are more likely to be self-assured, motivated, determined and strong, on the other manus, adult females are more likely to be caring, soft and expression after life. There is high occupation force per unit area on equity, fighting and accomplishments in the workplace and industrial confliction is common. Directors are frequently decisive and command employees public presentations. By contrast, Femininity is a civilization in which the dominant values in society are caring for others and the quality of life ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, people tend to hold more importance on teamwork, gr oup determinations and on the preservation of the environment. They are expected to be modest, stamp and concerned with relationships. There is low occupation force per unit area on equity, competency and quality of work-life and does non hold industrial confliction. Directors give freedom and wagess to employees on their activities. Long-run Orientation and Short-run Orientation: In long-run orientation, activities have value that can hold an consequence on finding, doggedness, economic system and humiliation. In short-run orientation, activities have an consequence on normative statement, stableness, regard for tradition and reciprocation of good wants, favors and gifts. Trompenaars s Model Fons Trompenaars, another research worker, identified seven dimensions in which five describes about how people relate to each one another and sixth one is clip that describes how civilization can be laid accent on yesteryear, nowadays or hereafter and last one is environment that is related to nature. His research has been carried out over 15,000 directors from 28 states, showing 47 national civilizations. The seven dimensions are as follow: Universalism vs. Particularism: Universalism is the belief that thoughts and patterns can be applied everyplace in the universe without alteration ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In universalism civilization, people tend to concentrate more into formal regulations instead than relationships. They keep adhere to their concern contracts and do determinations without situational considerations, which sometimes are referred to difference of sentiments and incompatibilities. By contrast, Particularism is the belief that fortunes order how thoughts and patterns should be applied and something can non be done the same everyplace ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, it is the other manner around, people tend to concentrate more into relationship than on formal regulations. Peoples amend the understandings or take determinations sing situational fortunes as to them the concern contracts do non hold much significance. Individualism vs. Communitarianism: In Individualism civilization, people tend to prosecute in ain personal accomplishments and take for granted a great trade of single duty. On the other manus, Communitariantism refers to people sing themselves as portion of a group ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, people take determinations that seemingly referred to group and success accomplishment in groups and presume duty together. Impersonal V. Emotional: Neutral is a civilization in which emotions are held in cheque. ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, people do non demo show their emotions in order non to hold hinderance on their judgements. By contrast, Emotional is a civilization in which emotions are expressed openly and of course. ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In this civilization, people express their emotions honestly. They portion smilings, joy, defeat, and salutations, show enthusiasm. Specific V. Defuse: Specific is a civilization in which persons have a big public infinite they readily portion with others and a little private infinite they guard closely and portion with merely close friends and associates. ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, people tend to acquire invitation on public infinite. They are normally unfastened and extravert and their personal and professional life are strongly detached. Defuse is a civilization in which public infinite and private infinite are similar in size and persons guard their public infinite carefully, because entry into public infinite affords entry into private infinite every bit good. ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In this civilization, people are non invited to public infinite. They are normally introvert and their professional and personal lives are connected to each other. Achievement vs. Ascription: Achievement is a civilization in which people are accorded position based on how good they perform their maps. ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, people tend to achieve position, place or power based on their accomplishments, cognition and accomplishments. On the other manus, Ascription is a civilization in which position is attributed based on who or what a individual is. ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In this civilization, people attain position based on age, gender or person familiarities. Time: It has two attacks, consecutive and synchronal. In consecutive civilization, people tend to make one activity one at a clip. ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . They adhere to their assignments and follow programs and agenda purely. On the other manus, in synchronal civilization, people tend to make more than one activity at a clip. ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . Their actions are non entitled to agenda or hold definite clip to keep. Agendas are less important than relationships. Environment: It has two orientation, internal-orientation and external-orientation. In internal-orientation civilization, single is responsible for commanding fortunes and non comfy in altering state of affairss whereas, in external-orientation civilization, person is non responsible for their actions and are more flexible in compromising and comfy in altering state of affairss. National Culture of Bangladesh National civilization is revealed to be built-in what people frequently take for granted from their legal residence environment ( Edensor, 2002 ) . The survey of national civilization gives a synoptic thought of local values/ shared significances, political system, religion/philosophical beliefs, economic prosperity, linguistic communication and instruction system ( French, 2007 ) . The below Hagiographas is about the perceptual experience of natural civilization of the People s Republic of Bangladesh. It is a state situated in Southern Asia with an country of 144,000 sq kilometer and is bordered by Bay of Bengal in South, by India in north, west and east and by Myanmar in sou-east. It has emerged as free state after Independence War in 1971, which the state still prides of and besides about other values and beliefs, like Bengali New Year, National Mourning, Martyr Day, International Language Day etc. It has a civilization of mixture of full music, dance, folks, play, art, trade, literature, doctrine, faith, festivals, jubilations etc. The state does hold population of around 140 1000000s with blend of assorted faith Muslim, Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity and others. It has parliamentary democratic authorities. The province linguistic communication is Bangla followed by English, the 2nd linguistic communication, which is widely used in different concern sector s, instruction etc. Harmonizing to UN Development Programme ( UNDP ) 2008 figures, the literacy rate is at 52.5 per centum. Has agricultural production, natural resources, exports and imports concern. From the perceptual experience of The Central Intelligence Agency ( 2010 ) of USA, Bangladesh has attained about 6 % GDP growing rate. For the last twosome of decennaries, labour force has increased even more due to rapid growing of population and has reached a entire sum of 72.5 million and rate of people without occupation is 2.5 % ( Khan, 2010 ) . In Bangladesh, the concern is normally set up with cross-cultural direction and is maintained really traditionally and cautiously. Such direction persevere grade of formality and shows regard and dainty with self-respect to seniors, older people, person from high authorization or authorities functionaries. Hierarchical construction in direction system is maintained more in public sector than in private concern. Peoples with higher rank or from top-level direction have more privilege, i.e. harmonizing with Hofstede dimensions of civilization directors have high power distance. Bangladesh has a civilization of low hazard and low alteration tolerant. The intercultural capablenesss and dispositions for uncertainness or hazard are low. New programs are studied and analyzed with consciousness to do certain whatever hazards they found are good defined and understood. In instance of any alterations, the new proposals are supposed to be stabilized and accepted by the people. Intercultural apprehension is important for hazard well influenced by the effects of failure for both single and organisation. Harmonizing to Hofstede s cultural dimensions Bangladesh has low uncertainness turning away. By and large, directors or person from upper degree have paternalistic attitude towards their employees to some extent and they take determinations while the subsidiaries are meant to follow. The civilization is slightly towards bossy attack. Top-level authorities functionaries of the state take determinations and handed over to the directors to put to death the process. Normally, the determination shapers seek advice from the experts before taking any measure. They merely inquire for subsequent information instead than looking for consensus. Harmonizing to Hofstede s theoretical account Bangladeshi s directors are more individualistic instead than collectivized. Bangladeshi directors tend to see long-run determination doing instead than short-run. And besides they have respects for civilization, tradition and concern about communal duties. Other issues like faith, linguistic communication, vicinity and reciprocated of gifts are kept into consideration in such civilization. Harmonizing to Hofstsede s theoretical account, Bangladeshi direction is less long-run orientation and high short-run oriented. Most Bangladeshi directors do their concern depending on statics, experiences and empirical informations, while others believe in inherent aptitude, religion and chance. Generally, in such civilization, emotional looks are shown, ever posses good nature to others, conceal defeat or irritation. Harmonizing to Hofstede s theoretical account Bangladeshi director has features of Femininity. In Bangladesh, societal traffics tend to be more demanding, autocratic, paternalistic, bossy, inequality determination devising processs, trueness, motive and commanding in direction attitude. Relatively, in West, tend to hold advisory or equality decision-making processs, self-interest, aggressive personality, competence, individuality in direction attitude. European Management manner in Bangladeshi civilization BV Ltd. is an offshore package development and Information Technology confer withing house, since 2001 that has aspiration of bring forthing quality concern solutions for the planetary market. It is situated in Dhaka and is a joint venture between BG, a stock market listed taking company from Denmark and MD Group IT company from Bangladesh. It develops package, desktop/web based merchandises and applications and performs IT Consultancy in assorted Fieldss for many concerns in Europe and other parts of the universe and hence it has established successful bonding with European clients by supplying qualitative services. It defines itself by stressing cardinal focal point on supplying best services to valued clients. Bing an employee for twosome of old ages as Assistant General Manager, I have experiences of the direction section that ever guarantee smooth operation of the organisation and therefore successful completion of all undertakings in peculiar. The company is working with the province of art in Dhaka but is managed by lasting locally based European Chief Executive Officer. Since it has standing clients from Europe, BV believes to put a tradition where the European manner of covering concern will be a common thing. The company thinks that achievement can merely be achieved when quality calling chances along with installations are made available to the employees. They give high penchants on Human Resources, extended preparation by European experts, long-run employee partnership, Corporate Social Responsibility, both locally and internationally, during employments development procedure. The direction civilization of the company is rather similar to European manner, i.e. the top-level direction maintains friendly and professional relationship with the employee, preserve equality and presume them to be independent, proactive and self-motivated. It has a reasonably comprehensive and decentralised direction manner with less hierarchal relationship and is expected to hold common regard instead than one of to the full dedicated single trueness. The employees ever worked together and believe in teamwork. Since they belong from high educational background and/or holding old experiences, it was rather easy to accommodate such direction manner even though there were cultural differences with the top-level direction. Of class, the Chief executive officer does the general determinations and the subsidiaries are supposed to follow them. And others agenda, planning and order of flow of work are implemented by the team-lead among employees, where all the engagement, part of though ts is taken as input for developing a undertaking. During coactions with European clients, both the director and the full group of the undertaking do meetings and hence can able to concentrate more on the clients demands. Since there is a close dealing with the clients, no jobs can be seen to take topographic point while describing or updating clients outlook. This direction manner has been developed by the CEO in order to hold close connexions with the clients and tried non to hold any hierarchal degree in between so that plants would travel in fast gait, speedy determination devising, giving authorization chances, effectual while carry throughing client s demands and the Chief executive officer can hold clear focal point on subsidiaries undertakings. Employees expect and react to encouragement undertaking related leading with better public presentation and entire satisfaction as they gain assurance and accomplishment while director moves frontward within a democratic manner. The Chief executive officer of BV pays attending and gives values to the Bangladeshi civilization, tradition and behaviours and has achieved a better direction even in different culturally environment. He observed Bangladeshi civilization behaviours in a non-judgment manner and adapt liberally to a varied scope of effectual system, concern methodological analysis and societal environment. Despite of diverseness from backgrounds he has succeeded to work together efficaciously as a squad. Harmonizing to Hofstede s theoretical account, the CEO of BV follows the direction manner that is of Low Power Distance, Low Uncertainty Avoidance, Femininity, Collectivism and Long-term orientated features. Decisions Bangladeshi people are reasonably much adaptable and sociable in any environment and in any civilization. They know how to collaborate regardless of the fact that whether the company has level or tall organisational construction, whether it has centralized or decentralized direction. In Bangladesh, people follow reasonably formal concern etiquette. New coevalss learn cultural moralss and rules, spiritual values, linguistic communication in the class of socialisation with people, which in bend, aid to set up attitudes, develop passions and do cognizant about their societal individualism of being a Bangladeshi. Besides, instruction besides has major advantage in the facet of edifice 1s individuality. Nevertheless, the new coevalss are the people who contribute in political relations, entrepreneurships and economic prosperity of the state. Word count: 3523 Mentions: Arvind V. Phatak, Rabi S. Bhagat A ; Roger J. Kashlak, International Management Managing in a Diverse and Dynamic Global Environment, 2005, McGraw Hill Bangladeshi, Culture A ; Society, ( 2008 ) , IPTU Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.iptu.co.uk/content/bangladesh_business_cult.asp gt ; , [ accessed: June 18, 2010 ] Bangladesh Location A ; Size, ( 2010 ) , Encyclopaedia of Nation Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Bangladesh.html gt ; , [ accessed: June 16, 2010 ] Bangladesh: History, Geography and Culture, ( 2008 ) , Fact Monster Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0107317.html gt ; , [ accessed: June 16, 2010 ] Hofstede, Greet ( 2009 ) , Greet Hofstede Cultural Dimensions, Itim international. Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.geert-hofstede.com/ gt ; , [ accessed: June 18, 2010 ] Hodgetts, Luthan A ; Doh, International Management Culture, Strategy and Behaviour, 2006, McGraw Hill Intercultural Management Bangladesh, Kwintessential Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kwintessential.co.uk/intercultural/management/bangladesh.html gt ; [ accessed: June 18, 2010 ] Khan, Rafayet, ( Apr 15, 2010 ) , National Culture of Bangladesh, Scribd. Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scribd.com/doc/29984322/National-Culture-of-Bangladesh-French-model gt ; , [ accessed: June 16, 2010 ] Workman, Daniel, ( Jan 23, 2003 ) , Trade Culture Dimensions, Suite101 Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //internationaltrade.suite101.com/article.cfm/trade_culture_dimensions gt ; , [ accessed: June 18, 2010 ]

The Development of Agriculture in Mesopotamia and the Comparison to Essay

The Development of Agriculture in Mesopotamia and the Comparison to Other Agricultural Hearths - Essay Example Still, Mesopotamian influences, along with those of China, provided the structure through which the agriculture of India was developed. The rise of agriculture in Mesoamerica was developed through an independent set of inventions. It is clearly, however, Mesopotamia that has the earliest development of agriculture in the world. The primary reasons for the Fertile Crescent to be the first to develope agriculture were due to time, environment, and increased populations that formed city-states. In discussing the nature of the development of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent, it is important to understand the way in which time is a factor in producing commodities for a civilization. In order to feed the people of the region, hunting gathering would have been the first form of communal food resourcing that would have been attempted. Because of the nature of the geography of the area, this was not an efficient system for gathering food and creating enough nourishment for the people. As m ore people gathered in concentric areas, it became clear that a different method of food production would be needed to satisfy the needs of so many people that had become a growing population. The problem in the geography was that the areas were mostly mountainous, covered with vast forests and brushwood.1 It was a better choice to create resources of food in more central areas, farms that could feed people rather than requiring them to go out into the world to find their food. The time required to hunt and gather was inefficient. Time is also relevant in relationship to the climate, the rains of the region more frequent and in a better balance for agriculture than they currently are for the area. It is likely, according to climatology history, that between the Ice Age and about 4000BCE the monsoon rains extended farther West, providing for a more moisture rich environment than currently exists.2 The environment was more conducive to planting, the land more rich in nutrients and the way in which growing needs were met. The world has changed a great deal and the answers to the reasons for questions of history often lie in greater conveniences available during those times in contrast to the way in which circumstances exist presently. Time period is relevant to the developments that existed as the collision of fertile circumstances provide for opportunities to develop. As the rains created a rich environment, the development of harnessing the rain through irrigation increased the level of farming that could be accomplished. The other way in which time is relevant is through the time it took for the agricultural culture to develop. Agriculture did not spring up during a period of a few hundred years. The development of agriculture was reflective of a period of more than a thousand years, the development emerging through a long period of time where single farmers moved to villages, which moved to towns, then moving and arranging themselves into city-states. This to ok a millennia of time for the processes of agriculture to begin to develop, the populations put into place, and solutions to the problems of resource allocation to be focused on growing and

A short story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A short story - Essay Example In those days messages were received and delivered through telegram. Joe learns that his wife is very ill and would not be able to make it till the end of the day. On receiving another telegram he refuses to open it. He later tears the telegram off without reading it because he is afraid to receive bad news. He wants his wife to stay alive. Such is the emotional torture of the short story The Little Wife. Set in an imaginary place in Alabama called Reedyville, The Little Wife, is a lyrical account of the human afflictions. It is reasonably a thespian start when Joe learns of his wife’s sickness. When he receives the telegram and is told that it was waiting for him for two hours, he is not only unable to overcome the news of his wife’s ill-health but also the fact that he was laughing away sharing old stories with the buyer when it must have been waiting for him. This disbelief creates a sense of guilt even in the reader but with an aspect of accusation for Joe. March describes the moment of the arrival of the second telegram rather dramatically. Joe feels â€Å"weak and slightly nauseated† while the unopened telegram is clenched in his hand (March, 1935). The suspense gets on the readers nerves while March allows Joe’s situation to settle in. He hides his fears but he is noticeable by the brakeman who inquires if he is doing fine. March’s candid sty le and the illusory precision of theme give the story an edge over any other writer of his time. He is capable of reflecting the emotions of a heart-wrenched man who is resisting discovering the truth knowing that it may be a strong possibility. As he sees Mrs. Thompkins dressed in black on the other side of the fence, he is still in the denial phase. He waves at her vivaciously acting against his will, trying his best to win cards with nature. March portrays a one-sided picture of a man struggling to reach out to his soul mate who is

Company Representative Motivation Letter Essay Example for Free

Company Representative Motivation Letter Essay Dear (Company Representative): I would like to express my appreciation for your consideration of my skills and qualifications for the management position with your company. It was a pleasure meeting with you. I am confident that you believe that my extensive management experience and that my strong leadership, analytical, and interpersonal skills is what you are looking for to achieve the company’s goals and objectives. Thank you again for your time and consideration. Sincerely,

Teacher Unions Effects Upon Education. Essay -- Education, Teachers T

When originally created, teacher unions were a noble cause meant to prevent teachers from being taken advantage of. Fight from the beginning, teachers unions and schools have been in conflict over several issues. Now though, as a result schools’ eagerness to cut costs, along with the union’s unwillingness to allow teachers to be fired, the student is becoming collateral damage. This conflict that exists between the teachers unions and school administration must be resolved through mediation, focus on students, and stronger laws to prevent teachers suing districts. At one point, America had schools that it was proud of. There are many areas where teachers and school unions will likely never see eye to eye; the school districts place the student as their primary concern, and the teachers unions place the teachers as their primary concern. Just as Joel Klein once said, â€Å"You can never appreciate how irrational the system is until you’ve lived it.† (Q td. in Brill, 30 ). Michelle Rhee, former chancellor of the Washington D.C. schools said â€Å"tenure is the holy grail of teachers unions† (Qtd. In Dillon, 1); teacher unions treat tenure as one of their most prized possessions because it is, tenure is and always will be vitally important towards the goal of the union. The tenure system offers teachers, who have been teachers for longer times (typically 2-3 years), the assurance that they will not unjustly lose their jobs. Why then, does the tenure system protect these teachers? The simple answer is that the tenure system protects the majority of teachers, and that is what the union wants. The tenure system is outdated; Michelle Rhee is a former chancellor of public schools in Washington. She made drastic changes to the schooling system... ... protecting these teachers and would not allow the school to rid of them. It appears that when a Union wished for a legal matter to be expedited, they have no problems expediting it, however when the school is in favor of the legal issue, â€Å"it takes between two and five years for cases to be heard by an arbitrator†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Brill, 3). When you consider the thing that teachers are callable of doing with the protection of tenure, it is surprising that the number of fired tenured teachers is so small. Our public schooling system needs to develop a backbone; we need to stand up for what we know must be changed. No longer should teachers enjoy benefits and pensions limited only to the teaching profession. No other occupation offers tenure and benefits, and pensions as does teaching. That’s because the other occupations have long since eliminated those as a cost saving measure.

Classifying Humans into Absolute Categories Essay

There are three basic ways in which people have tried to classify people to real biological differences, instead of cultural differences, in the past. The first is the ‘typological model’. This model classifies people into geographical groups, on selected common characters. The second model is the ‘populational model, which classifies people on the basis of exclusive mating with each other, over a long period of time. The last model is the ‘clinical model’. This model looks at the inherited characteristics of a group, which change over time and is different from the changes in other geographic areas; the distribution of these characteristics (Ellison & Goodman). All three models fail to do the job. The typological model is erroneous because of the fact that some racial characteristics are found in different groups. The populational model fails because of the fact that people do not limit their breeding to small areas. The clinical model is undermined by the fact that some human groups migrate and the therefore discontinuity of the typical characteristic, and by the fact that there are not so many small communities left on the world anymore. Scientists now agree on this, they understand that classifying humans, based on any specific model, would be arbitrary. Scientists now just use the classifications as a tool to organize the data. The number of racial groups that are ‘discovered’ depend on the number of characteristics researched. Therefore, all research methods are relative, and the classifications change when the sets of characteristics (or the research topic) change. Biological anthropology describes the nature of human variations through focusing on the biological aspects. This researches the human as biological organism, the behaviour of primates and the human evolution. The most important research is done through research of the genetic patterns and the connections between different populations over the whole world. Anthropologists can also compare historic gene material with modern ones. All these techniques might contribute to a definitive evidence of our origin and the way people populated the earth. References Ellison,G. & A. H. Goodman. The Nature of Differences. Science, Society and Human Biology. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 2006.

Accounting Martinez Corporation Essay

Martinez Company has decided to introduce a new product. The new product can be manufactured by either a capital-intensive method or a labor-intensive method. The manufacturing method will not affect the quality of the product. The estimated manufacturing costs by the two methods are as follows: Capital Labor Intensive Intensive Direct materials $5 per unit $5.50 per unit Direct labor $6 per unit $8.00 per unit Variable overhead $ 3 per unit $ 4.50 per unit Fixed manufacturing costs $ 2,508,000 $ 1,538,000 Martinez’s market research department has recommended an introductory unit sales price of $ 30. The incremental selling expenses are estimated to be $502,000 annually plus $2 for each unit sold regardless of manufacturing method. a. Calculate the estimated break-even point in annual unit sales of the new product if Martinez company uses the: 1. Capital – intensive manufacturing method 2. Labor – intensive manufacturing method b. Determine the annual unit sales volume at which Martinez Company would be indifferent between the two manufacturing methods. c. Explain the circumstance under which Martinez should employ each of the two manufacturing methods. Decision Making Across the Organization Managers that work for a company that sells goods and services to customers must have a good understanding of budgets planning to account for both fixed cost and variable costs. Making a decision within leadership of a company requires the management to know cost effectiveness, what price to sell the items, and the actual cost effectiveness of their product or service to ensure they are competitive within the market. There are many different  decisions that are made within a company and there are many different viewpoints from managers to make these decisions in order to be successful. The cost behavior analysis is the study of how specific costs of an item that is used within a company changes the levels of business activity. An example we can use is the American automotive maker General Motors. Looking at today’s vehicles and the items such as Bluetooth functions, DVD players, satellite radio and other amenities, prices have increased. About 6-7 years ago you could purchas e the same vehicle you are purchasing to day for about 10-20% less. Due to inflation, bank interest loans decreases and the amount of new technology that is added to a new vehicle prices have gone significantly higher. This could also be due to a rising economy and rising job market and bank loans being allowed to go from 60 months previously all the way to 82 months. In today’s market because of interest rates being lower customers are able to buy more expensive cars that are in their monthly price range of a loan versus the concern of the full price of the vehicle. In our exercise the Martinez Company had decided to introduce a new product. However, the new product can be manufactured by of two methods; either capital intensive method or the labor intensive method. Below are the solutions for the problems that were issued: A-1 Capital – intensive manufacturing method Selling price per unit = $30 Total variable cost per unit = $5 + $6 + $3 + $2 = $16 Total fixed cost = $2,508,000 + $502,000 = $3,010,000 Contribution margin per unit = $30 – $16 = $14 Break-even point (units) = $3,010,000 à · $14 = 215,000 units per year. A-2 Labor – intensive manufacturing method Selling price per unit = $30 Total variable cost per unit = $5.50 + $8 + $4.5 + $2 = $20 Total fixed cost = $1,538,000 + $502,000 = $2,040,000 Contribution margin per unit = $30 – $20 = $10 Break-even point (units) = $2,040,000 à · $10 = 204,000 units per year. B = ($3,010,000 – $2,040,000) / ($14 – $10) = 242,500 units per year. Capital Intensive methodLabor Intensive method Revenues$7,275,000$7,275,000 Direct materials 1,212,500 1,333,750 Direct labor 1,455,000 1,940,000 Variable overhead 727,500 1,091,250 Variable selling expenses 485,000 485,000 Contribution Margin$3,395,000$2,425,000 Fixed manufacturing costs 2,508,000 1,538,000 Fixed selling expenses 502,000 502,000 Net Income$385,000$385,000 The net income under both the manufacturing method is $385,000 when 242,500 units were sold that year. Therefore the Martinez Company would be indifferent or neutral between the two manufacturing methods at this level of annual sales. C. The Martinez Company should be employ the capital intensive manufacturing method if the units produced are identical in nature capital. They can also use the capital intensive manufacturing method if they want to be more accurate of production and a reduction in errors. This method can also reduce the average cost per unit by increasing the level of output or products sold. If the Marinez Company wanted to employ the labor intensive manufacturing method it should be employed when flexibility is key. If the products are meeting a different level of customer or consumer demands this would be the best method to use. This is also used when actual labors are involved with the production like a service versus a product and the employee can physically check the demand of the consumer and change the level of need as necessary. For products versus services the products can be customized from what a customer prefers or demands as well as feedback on production can occur. Reference Kimmel, P.D. Weydandt, J.J., and Kieso, D.E. (2011) accounting; Tools for business decision making (4th ed.). Hoboken NJ: John Wiley and Sons.

Effect of Computer on Education Essay Example

Effect of Computer on Education Essay Example Effect of Computer on Education Essay Effect of Computer on Education Essay The introduction of computers to the education field has improved the quality of learning .Nobody could deny that it makes the lessons more interesting ,while it is also more efficient for students to study on-line .Furthermore ,it is general acquainted that using computer can help students learn more knowledge which they may not able to learn from the lesson or books.therefore due to computer technology ,education has three major advantages E-leaning,Intrenet and storage. One important effect of computer technology on education ,studying by E-learning ,has essentially played a significant role in the school curriculum.As a result ,students can continue to do their school work when they are ill or isolated .For personally myself ,I just had such an experience when I was isolated due to the H1N1 virus.However ,unable to attend classes ,I regularly accessed the ASKNLEARN site to get the updated information from my teachers about that dayâ„ ¢s lesson.In this way ,I caught up with my studies and even did well in the test the first day I came back to school.Moreover in formed about the following dayâ„ ¢s lessons, students can also aware of what will learn tomorrow on E-learning .That is good for their studies ,for the can have a preview of what would learn.Beyong the schoolwork from the respective teachers ,E-learning also provides with an amazing chance that you can learn from professors in specialized fields,regardless of their area of expertise. The development of computers make it possible to pupils to have easy access to additional source of information via the Internet. Consequently ,students do not have to be contented with the limited knowledge taught by teachers ,but rather can search out whatever relevant information they want and learn as much as they can .Today ,for any information needed ,a user can google it ,in moment s,the search engine will list the results of the research. All this data is so cheap that user never have to pay a single dollar for it. Read more about used books store at businessay.net One sdditional effect of computers on education is storing your data.Students may have been troubled by carrying stacks of books here and there or have been worried about your misssing worksheets.Now ,computer technology will keep all these annoyanes away from you.They can just put all your data into a tiny thumbdrive.Data stored can also be updated whenever you want .As they are ready to be searched in computer,users can revised easily.In addition,data can be transferred and printed as well. Using computers in education has had a positive effect on self-study as well as brought a lot of convience to study.On account of computers technology ,students can advance their knowledge and save precious time perparing their schoolwork .Undeniably,computers has changed the peopleâ„ ¢s mind of traditional way of education.It does bring a revolution in our way of studying .we can say that an epoch of computering education is coming.

Sustainable Development the Banking Sector

Sustainable Development the Banking Sector Many financial institutions have realized the importance of sustainable development. Several banks are currently involved in approaches, which help other business firms understand the importance of sustainable business practices. Banking institutions need to review their lending policies to ensure borrowers use credit obtained in a sustainable manner.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Sustainable Development: the Banking Sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Financial regulators need to establish strong codes of conduct to ensure banks comply with social and environmental regulations. Banks need to assess if their borrowers have complied with crucial environmental requirements before offering them credit (Stephens and Skinner 175). This will make them transact with customers who are willing to fulfill their social and environmental responsibilities. Some investments which banks finance impact greatly on climate chan ge. They have been criticized for giving less attention to environmental and social issues. The banking sector needs to reclaim public trust and confidence to clean up its reputation. Many banks were heavily involved in the recent global financial crisis, whose effects continue to be felt in many economies. Many financial sectors are not well regulated, which makes it possible for some banks to engage in unethical practices. Banks need to include environmental and social compliance in the loan application criteria, before giving out credit to business owners. This will make them vet corporate loan applicants to determine their level of compliance to social and environmental goals. Banks award their top executives a lot of incentives and this contributes to income inequalities in many societies. These incentives encourage banks to pursue profitability more aggressively, at the expense of environmental and social issues (Stephens and Skinner 176). Many banks are only interested in goo d financial results, which do not have a positive impact on the society. SWIFT, an association of more than 10,000 banks operating in over 200 countries, has proposed radical measures to enable banks contribute positively to sustainable development.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This association has introduced various proposals which advise banks to make a positive impact on social and environmental issues The initiative aims to encourage banks to develop products, which support socially sustainable businesses because they make a bigger impact on the lives of poor people. Small and medium enterprises, whose operations conform to social and environmental goals, need financial support to make a bigger impact in their industries. It is necessary for banks to provide them with adequate financing to make their operations more innovative. Banks need to implement effec tive processes, which enable them achieve sustainable development goals. They need to change their practices to make more people aware of the importance of sustainable development (Stephens and Skinner 178). Financial institutions need to change their attitudes towards social and environmental issues. They need to create effective systems to monitor if their borrowers are complying with crucial social and environmental standards. This will make it possible for them to assess if borrowers use loans for sustainable development. Banks need to provide low interest credit to lower income segments of the market, to enable them sustain positive relationships with their customers. Several European banks have been subjected to a lot of pressure by NGO’s and other watchdog bodies, to stop financing companies, which produce and sell arms (Struyk 330). Weapon manufacturers have been accused of fueling conflicts in war torn countries, which cause death, suffering and destruction. Therefor e, financial institutions need to be vigilant on business ethics to ensure they finance ventures which give people hope for the future. Stephens, Carolyn, and Chris Skinner. â€Å"Banks for a Better Planet? The Challenge of Sustainable Social and Environmental Development and The Emerging Response of The Banking Sector.† Environmental Development 5 (2013): 175-179. Print.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Sustainable Development: the Banking Sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Struyk, Zach. â€Å"Book Reviews.† Resources Conservation and Recycling 37 (2003): 329-333. Print.

Psychosocial Needs of Patients Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Psychosocial Needs of Patients - Essay Example This means the illness-associated events that create problem through the patient's perception and responses may lead to care needs of addressing unmet psychosocial needs in order to ensure healing. In this assignment, I will discuss and critically analyse a care incident delivered by me to a patient. I was assigned the care of the patient in my placement in a hospital ward. This assignment will frequently refer to this patient, whose identity will remain undisclosed throughout this work. Thus, this patient will be referred to anonymously, although to facilitate ease of discussion, a pseudonym, Mrs. Jennings, will be used to address her. This requirement of confidentiality and identity nondisclosure is an ethical requirement in healthcare associated professional and academic documentation as prescribed and required by NMC (Nursing and Midwifery Council) guidelines, competency standards, and practice ethical standpoints to respect the client confidentiality (NMC, 2008). As suggested this assignment would very closely examine the episode of care provided by me from the psychosocial angles, mainly to see if the care provided by me during her hospitalization took adequate care of t he psychological and social needs of this patient. These can be examined more closely from the policy perspectives of the need for adding psychosocial elements in care. Therefore, relevant policy will also be examined in order to justify conformity in practice. Definitions Haralambose and Holborn (2008) defined sociology to be a science involving study of human being in the context of society where impact of relevant economics, psychology, and demography is given due consideration in the endeavour to explain and understand the human behaviour in the societal scenario. From that point of view, sociology is a broad discipline where various methods of empirical investigations and critical analyses are deployed to define a body of knowledge and theory about human and social activities, with a goal often being application of such knowledge in the pursuit of social welfare (Haralambos and Holborn, 2008). On the other hand, psychology has been defined by Michael (1998) to be a discipline that studies mind and behaviour of individuals in different life contexts which also seeks to understand and explain thought, emotion and behaviour (Michael, 1998) in response to different experiences that they encounter. Main Body Psychological and social factors have been known to play important roles in initiation and progression of any disease process. As a care provider, the nurse must understand their nature and intensity. Since these are known to affect motivation, these will affect the outcome of care. Longstanding suffering or advanced illnesses disturb the psychosocial milieu sufficiently so the patient may be disturbed motivationally. These could cause psychological maladjustment and affect the course of the disease in a profoundly negative way. A thorough assessment of these situations and the factors is therefore necessary, and being in a position of provider of care the nurse must assess these factors keeping the

Modern Biotechnology and Its Role in European Unions Economy Essay

Modern Biotechnology and Its Role in European Unions Economy - Essay Example This essay stresses that human medicine and healthcare are the most important area where modern technology is highly applied through the biotechnological publications and patent rights with the inventions of new biotechnological products. Modern biotechnology has widespread applications in human medicine and health care, which makes a very important contribution to the economy of the European Union region countries. Modern biotechnology in the medicine and healthcare sector adds to the European Union's gross value addition by about one percent. Furthermore, modern biotechnology provides very effective tools for research and development on biopharmaceuticals, which leads to inventions of new drugs that are sold hence generating revenues to countries within the EU region. This article makes a conclusion that modern biotechnology enhances the competitiveness of the EU companies by enabling them renew their production strategies in the breeding of quality crops, livestock, and enzyme production. The biotechnology sector also contributes to employment to the EU citizens. Highly trained individuals get better-paying jobs in the biotechnology sector as the researchers and developers of the new biotechnological products. Above all, modern biotechnology is creating sustainable ways of growing and developing the European Union economy. Modern biotechnology has become very important in modern day as explained in the paper.