Existence vs Essence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Existence vs Essence - Essay Example This is simply not true, and can be easily asserted by the fact that individuals can sit through the exact same traumatic event (for instance, a bank robbery) and come out of the experience with several varying stories—therefore, there cannot be a single definition. Likewise, I do not agree with the concept presented by environmentalism. Environmentalism suggests that the environment itself around an individual determines existence, which, to me, also cannot be true. Again, relativism proves this point invalid, because people again often can be a part of the same environment, or situation, and come out of the issues with a totally different story. Therefore, the concept of existentialism and existence will be examined here, with a focus on Sartre’s views. Relativism was mentioned above, and relativism seems to be a fact in existentialism. It helps to prove that we have a pre-given essence. However, existentialism does not argue that relativism is easy to understand. Thi s will lead us to his next assumption that it is psychologically distressing to affirm the value of an action which cannot be universalized. Sartre feels that that a concept should be universalized, or in other words, should be applicable to different people in a society having different point of views in their life. One of the reasons why I agree with the existentialist concept of existence is the fact that it allows room for relativism. It does not display relativism as necessarily a good thing, or an easy thing to understand. It does, however, admit to its existence and its profound impact on individuals (Guignon and Pereboom 35). Therefore, it admits and promotes the concept â€Å"essence of existence.† In universalizing certain actions, we should take into consideration existentialist claims about the existence of different beliefs, meaning many people are trying to relate themselves in the way that their society identifies them. Generally, society has a certain percepti on of an individual based on occupation, looks, or otherwise. People want to act and present themselves within this framework, but aren’t often able to do so. The inability to function within this framework can cause a dissociative type of feeling, but the importance of this feeling within our discussion here is the fact that this feeling helps to prove the fact that the person exists. If the person did not exist, then no feeling would be present. Again, we see that there is a pre-given essence to existence. Thus, the unsettling feelings present in existentialism help us prove the essence of existence o for individuals, in several instances. The concept of facticity also comes into play when speaking of the essence of existence, and the concept of a pre-given essence. This concept gives importance to the past scenarios of every situation and the present or the actual scenario itself. It has a conscious definition of the things that have happened in the past as well as the phy sical characteristics of the environment one is in. Therefore, we get the gist of the feeling of existence when we take a close look at this scenario. Basically, within facticity exists the past and the present, as well as the environment and the individual. Thus, because the individual experiences these different concepts of time, he or she must exist (Guignon and Pereboom 35). Another existentialist co

What Industry did to Develop Japan to be a strong nation Research Paper

What Industry did to Develop Japan to be a strong nation - Research Paper Example Several politicians and political scientists have a diverging opinion and consider that the progress of Japan under this system is just a mere example of exception (Sakoh, 521-548). In this report a discussion will be presented based on the industrial contributions which led to the development of Japan. The development within the society relies heavily on the understanding of scope and goals set by the economy to be achieved. This requires contribution and raising the standards of learning. Other than this offering employment to all and reducing the elements of obesity are essential measures for improving the overall economy. Adapting to various technological advancements and inventions leads to the progress and development of the overall economy. For the economic development the countries need to form strategies which promote knowledge sharing, technological advancement and growth within the economic realm. The economies must emphasize on the strategies which are based on the selection of long term goals and trends. Other than this the industries must also rely heavily on implementing innovative ideas. Development strategies and global recognition are the forms using which the economy can lay its foundation towards the path of economic growth. Creation, acquisition and use of knowledge are the tools using which the countries can develop and progress. The methods of competition within the economy and globally have changed and hence require continuous improvement of all the aspects which lead to the development of the society (Dahlman, 29-63). The Japanese society promotes education and learning as an essential component of the culture. Developing the human resource and providing the skill which nominate growth and development are essential for the progress of the society. The collective survival mechanism based on co-operation between the human workforce leads to the collective growth (OECD, 137-152). The key factors

Will the Starbucks maintain its market leadership over Mc Cafe Essay

Will the Starbucks maintain its market leadership over Mc Cafe - Essay Example Now the primary question which is raised here is; â€Å"Who is the leader and will be in future as well?† Another well established and well reputed brand is Mc Cafe which is the creation of repute firm McDonalds. Following is an extensive analysis to deduce which of the two firms will remain the undisputed giant in the years to come. History of Starbucks In the time when world around us is extremely fast paced and competition in the market has squeezed every firm in the industry and where only survival of the fittest is possible, a giant market leader in the coffeehouse industry pops up in head, Starbucks Corporation. Starbucks was founded by three partners Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl and Gordon Bowker in 1971 in Seattle, Washington. Starbucks is by far the largest coffeehouse company in the world and it is still expanding at a rapid pace (Spanogle et. al. 2007). Starbucks went international in1990 for the first time when they inaugurated a store in mid 1990s the time during whic h the firm was opening a new store every single day and this speed of expansion that carried on into 2000s and now approximately around one third outlets of Starbucks corporation are overseas. Starbucks had expanded up to one sixty five outlets in 1992 at the time of its initial public offering (Abrams, 2003). Over view of Starbucks: Starbucks sells a wide range of coffee and other beverage products in order to provide a delightful experience to its customers. Its products mainly include  drip brewed coffee,  espresso -based hot drinks and coffee beans. Starbucks has restricted itself to coffee products but it also produces salads, hot and cold sandwiches, Panini, pastries and snacks which provide the consumers with what the company calls a â€Å"distinctive Starbucks experience†. The success and growth of Starbucks Corporation can be attributed to a person who saw the potential and opportunity in the product when no one else did: Howard Schultz. This aspiring entrepreneu r was appointed as the marketing head in 1982 and upon his return to United States from Italy, he realized the opportunity that could materialize into the repute that Starbucks today has. The following words are attributed to him: â€Å"Lets create a community gathering places like the great coffee house of the Italy in United States†. Although his idea was not highly appreciated by the top management at Starbucks, nonetheless they did allow him to experiment this new idea at one of their retail stores (ABA, 1997). Moreover, the new idea proved to be a huge success and that’s when Schultz started another company with the name of ll giornale. In 1987, Schultz convinced a group of local investors to buy Starbucks when its original owners decided to sell their coffee business along with the name. Schultz incorporated Gionrale outlets with Starbucks and finally started with the conversion of six shops into graceful and

Darren Shan Biography Essay Example for Free

Darren Shan Biography Essay Although Shan always wanted to be a writer, it was only in his teenage years that he began writing in his spare time for fun (before that, he only wrote stories if they were for homework). He bought his first typewriter when he was 14, and never looked back, knocking out loads of short stories and comic scripts, and making false starts on several books, which he never completed. Shan was 17 when he finished his first novel. Although it was never published, he relished the writing experience, and found himself focusing more on novels in the coming years, leaving behind the short-story format. For the next several years, sandwiched between university and work, he wrote an average of one book a year, experimenting with different ideas, genres, lengths and styles. When he started writing full-time, his output shot up to 5 to 6 books per year! But that has dropped back to 2 to 3 recently, due to all the travelling around he’s been doing to promote sales of his books. All of these early books were adult-oriented. Although Shan quite liked the idea of writing a children’s book one day, he considered himself an adult writer first and foremost. In fact, Shan’s initial breakthrough was with an adult book, in 1999. In January 2000, his first children’s book, Cirque du Freak, which he’d written as a fun side-project, was published. The first book in a series titled The Saga of Darren Shan (or Cirque du Freak, as it’s known in America), it attracted rave reviews and an ever-growing army of fans hungry to learn more about vampires which were quite unlike any that anyone had ever seen before! Shan loved writing for children so much, that for the next several years he focused almost exclusively on his books for younger readers. First, he wrote a total of 12 books about vampires. He quickly followed up his vampiric saga with The Demonata, a series about demons. Running to ten books in total, The Demonata cemented Shan’s place in the UK as the Master Of Children’s Horror, and saw him score his first UK #1 bestseller. He also wrote a one-off short book, called Koyasan, for Wold Book Day in the UK. There was a very successful manga adaptation of Shan’s vampire series, drawn by the Japanese artist, Takahiro Arai. It was originally serialized in Japan, but collected volumes are now on sale in the USA, UK and other countries. The books have topped adult bestseller charts in Hungary, Japan and Taiwan. In total, Shan’s books have sold close to 15 million copies worldwide! The movie rights to Cirque Du Freak were bought by Universal, and the first movie (which combines elements from the first three books in the series) was released on October 23rd, 2009, starring newcomer Chris Massoglia as Darren Shan, along with a wide array of established stars such as Josh Hutcherson, John C Reilly, Salma Hayek, Willem Defoe and Ken Watanabe. The movie was called Cirque Du Freak: The Vampire’s Assistant.

The Importance Of Integrity In Society Philosophy Essay

The Importance Of Integrity In Society Philosophy Essay The concept of integrity has played a key role in moral philosophy throughout history and is promoted in all societies because of its importance to social relations (Schlenker, 2009). Individual integrity is vital to society as the kind of society which is likely to be more conducive to integrity which is one which enables people to develop and make use of their capacity for critical reflection, one which does not force people to take up particular roles because of their sex or race or any other reason, and one which does not encourage individuals to betray each other either to escape prison or to advance their career. Besides, societies can be favourable to the development of individual integrity. Society expects and requires integrity of its leaders. A person of integrity insists on doing what is right at all times, not only when he knows that a superior or subordinate is watching him. It is the courage to complete a bombing run when one knows full well that the chance for survival is poor or non-existent or the courage to admit failure rather than alter a report (Duggar nd.). Ethics come into play when the interests of others are incorporated into the calculus of  personal  and business decision-making as human beings we live embedded in a society. The most successful individuals and companies are those with reputations of high individual integrity among everyone they deal with. This level of integrity builds the confidence and enables them to do more business than their competitors whose ethics may be a little unstable (Barry Stephens, 1998).   Integrity is complete honesty in any situation (Flynn, 1978). We must determine what is really right and really wrong. Right even transcends the violation of regulations. You must oppose what is wrong and support what is right even if it costs you your life or your career. In other words, integrity means more to the professional officer than the dictionary definition. It means honesty, truthfulness, reliability, impartiality, sincerity, open mindedness, trustworthiness, and courage. It means totally ethical behaviour at all times and in all situations, regardless of the consequences. It cannot be turned on and off as desired; it is the focus of the professionals life (Flynn, 1978). Babbitt (1997) explicitly links individual integrity to social structures in a way that broadens the concept of integrity. If social educational structures fail to facilitate the life of integrity, other structures may be positively hostile to it. As Babbitt (1997) notes, one needs to be able to make choices in order to develop the kinds of interests and concerns which are significant to leading a life of integrity. On the other hand, oppressed people are often able to reflect on social realities with the greater insight because they do not benefit from them. They have no incentive to accept self-deceptive attitudes about circumstances of oppression or to see past them with convenient blindness. Oppressed groups therefore have all the more scope to think about social reality with integrity, and to act out of this understanding with integrity. A capacity for reflection and understanding enables one to work toward integrity even if it does not ensure that one achieves an ideal of integ rity. An adequate account of personal integrity must recognize that some social structures are of the wrong sort altogether for some individuals to be able to pursue personal integrity, and that questions about the moral nature of society often need to be asked first before questions about personal integrity can properly be raised (Babbitt, 1997). Questions about integrity may turn out to be, not about the relationship between individual characteristics, interests, choices and so on, and a society, but rather about what kind of society it is in terms of which an individual comes to possess certain interests, characteristics, and so on. This does not imply that questions about personal integrity are entirely moral, not having to do with idiosyncratic characteristics of individuals; instead, it suggests that the very meaning of personal integrity in particular cases sometimes depends upon more general considerations about the nature of the society that makes some idiosyncratic properties ide ntifying and others not. The pursuit of adequate personal integrity often depends, not so much on understanding who one is and what one believes and is committed to, but rather understanding what ones society is and imagining what it could be (Babbitt, 1997). 3.1 The Importance of Integrity in Organization Integrity refers to the culture, policies, and leadership philosophy at the corporate level. A culture of integrity has to start at the top and be seen in the activities of the executives. The leadership of the corporation must develop a consensus around the shared values (Warren, 2009). Placing organizational and  personal integrity in the moral context could give organization a framework for articulating subtle aspects of the companys organizational life such as culture, routines, and so on. These have direct impact on profitability and on the companys sustainability. The reason is that in the same way as individuals possess an identity or character, the company does too. The organizational culture of a firm is the personality, identity or character of the company. It is comprised of the assumptions, values, norms and ethical orientation of organization members, as well as of their behaviors (Nelly, 2007). Integrity is necessary to effective leaders in the workplace. It may possibly place at the top among the characteristic that a leader needs to possess. Thus, when faced between right and wrong, integrity means making the correct choice for leader. Besides, leaders in organizations and companies demonstrate ability to manage and motivate workers while furthering the aims and goals of the business. A leader who consistently demonstrates integrity and the willingness to make the right decisions for the good of the organization encourages loyalty and commitment from workers. It is an important factor in moving the company for those workers respond positively to a leader or manager with integrity (Kelchner nd.). Workers will catch on and follow suit if employers will demonstrate honesty and integrity in all situations. According to Bruyn power for the leader does not flow from the organization but from the influence that leader has to convince people to recognize and accept that power. Simply, a leader must build and maintain credibility with his followers. Those leaders who rely upon the organization to give them the authority they need will never have sufficient authority to carry out their tasks because what they need is not authority from an outside source but to build influence through integrity so that they can influence people themselves. It is not the plate on the door that gives a leader the authority to lead but the trust of the people being led (Maxwell, John, 1993). It is important for an individual to determine for an employer with similar values. This match will be a key factor in ones ability to grow professionally and gain experience. As Quigley (2007) has pointed out, the culture of integrity may be far more important than the starting salary in ones quest for personal and professional fulfilment. He notes that corporations with a culture of integrity will offer support to employees through colleagues and processes in place. Consultation with other is seen as strength rather than a weakness and supports a work-life balance. This is because it reduces job stress, balances ones perspective, and contributes to job satisfaction (Quigley, 2007). 3.2 The Importance of Integrity in Individuals Integrity is attributed to various parts or aspects of a persons life. There are those attributes such as professional, intellectual and artistic integrity. Integrity is more than ethics at the individual level. It is all about the character of the individual. It is those characteristics of an individual that are consistently considerate, compassionate, transparent, honest, and ethical. However, the most philosophically important sense of the term integrity relates to general character (Cox, La Caze, Levine, 2001). Integrity communicates to self and others in a way that psychic wholeness or individuation does not. It is this quality of communicability that reduces integrity such an essential factor in psychotherapeutic practice. It determines the way in which the individual relates to the world and to others in the world as well as to his or her own self. It can be understood as a particular moral, as opposed to psychological attribute which has a direct relationship with the rest of the subjects moral being while being independent of it at the same time. It is a given of personality and cannot be achieved (Gross, 2001). According to Quigley (2007), he emphasizes the critical role of trust in the professional success of an individual. He states: Simply put, those who bend rules are not considered trustworthy, and without trust an individuals value is severely diminished. Markets do not function and value is destroyed without trust and confidence. (Quigley, 2007, p.9). Quigley goes on to note the critical importance of integrity and character in the workplace. Competencies are meaningless if lacking trust. Individuals who are not trustworthy will not be given opportunities or responsibilities, and they will not be wanted as team members by clients or other employees. Individuals are untrustworthy without integrity. Individuals who own integrity will commit to choosing right before they find themselves in a situation (Quigley, 2007). Integrity is a quality of spirit that lives in all of us (Sherman, 2003). Professional integrity and ethical behaviour is crucial for personal  credibility  and professional success within the business world.  Each profession has a set of core values by which it identifies its very essence (Brown, 1980). Professionals who have worked with personnel who lacked integrity talk about the inability to count on individuals to do what they have said they would do, environments where the focus has gone from customers to protecting oneself, and where leaders are unwilling to live by the values that they publicly espouse (Warren, 2009. To act with professional integrity, each member of the profession has the responsibility to have personal integrity, and the best of us create environments that nourish the integrity of others (Sherman, 2003). 4.0 Other Relevant Theories 4.1 Kohlberg Theory This section discusses the relevant theories in explaining integrity and ethics. In order to study the theory for integrity and ethics, one must understand moral development. According to Kohlberg (1971) moral development is divided into three levels with six stages. His theory for this development is based on the thinking of Jean Piaget and John Dewey, who are Swiss psychologist and American philosopher respectively (Barger, nd.). Moral development proposed by Kohlberg believing that people progressed in their moral reasoning through a series of stages. Level Stage Social Orientation Pre-conventional 1 Obedience and Punishment 2 Individualism, Instrumentalism, and Exchange Conventional 3 Good boy/girl 4 Law and Order Post-conventional 5 Social Contract 6 Principled Conscience Table 1: Lawrence Kohlbergs Moral Development Framework The first level in moral development is pre-conventional level with two stages. Stage one is obedience and punishment. In this stage, people will try their best to avoid punishment and will not question human meaning or value on these consequences. In short, people behave is depends on social acceptable norms which set by authority group, such as parent, political leaders and teacher. This element can be found in ethic context. One is regarded to fulfill the ethical behavior if they behave consistent with social norms that set in their society. While in stage two, the benchmark for right behavior is means acting for self-interest. They will typically satisfy their own needs before the others. People in this group are practicing the element of fairness, reciprocity and equal sharing, however, in a pragmatic way, for example: you scratch my back and I will scratch yours (Kohlberg,1971). Conventional level of moral development is much common in today society. Good boy/girl in stage three explains that good behavior is usually judge by intention. It further explained that good behavior is actions that making others happy, helping others, and must approved by them. Integrity consists of element in stage three as integrity is not solely depended on rule and regulation by authority group. Instead, it is emphasized on personal judgment, for example, trust is hardly to measure with rule and regulations. On the other hand, stage four is law oriented. This means that people in this group are behaving based on a fixed set of rules and regulation. This can explain well the characteristic of ethic. In ethic study, one is considered acting ethically if he/she complied with the legal point of view set by authority in society. He/she is considered practicing moral if he/she doing his duty, respecting authority decision, and comply with the given social norms. Third level of Kohlberg moral development is suitable to explain the characteristic of integrity. In Solomon (1999) view integrity incorporates a balance between loyalty and moral autonomy and it is associated with moral humility. Social contract in stage five under post-conventional level is the continuous of stage 4 law and order. Behavior under social contact is still based on law and regulations set in society, but subjected to rational consideration. This means that there is a possibility of changing in law set by society, depending on the situation. It is about the mutual benefit, welfare and interest of the society as explained by Palanski and Yammarino (2007) integrity is about wholeness. The last stage is about principled conscience, which emphasize on universal principal and individual conscience. As discuss in Gutmann (1945) paper, integrity is seems to be something far more than a simple agreement. Gutmann said in order to achieve integrity, adjustment of innumerable elem ents which themselves compose the people character. There is no fixed rules and law, but it is based on intrinsic moral value. It is consistence with stage five in Kohlberg Moral Development, theorem emphasize on the universal principles of justice, reciprocity, equal respect and the dignity of human right. For example, a person claims to practice integrity if his /her actions are based on their conscience. At the same time, the actions done are fulfilling the universal principles. 4.2 The Forsyth Theory High Relativism Low Relativism Situationists High Idealism -Rejects moral codes -personal analysis of actions in each situation -relativistic -Idealistic Skeptic Absolutists Accepts moral codes Ethical decisions must not harm others Deontologist Subjectivists Low Idealism Rejects moral codes Personal values determine judgments, Not universal codes Ethical egoists Exceptionists Accepts moral codes, but open to exceptions. Optimal outcomes not possible for all Teleologist, utilitarian Figure 1 Forsyths Taxonomy of personal Moral Philosophies (S.J. Forsyth, 1980) Sources: Chan. L. M, Othman. J Joned. R (2011), The Conceptual Model of Personal Philosophy Ethical Decision Making. Journal of Management Research. According to Bass, Barnett Brown (1998) the differences between the ethical theories of deontology, teleology, and scepticism are the degree of the theories which is relativistic or non relativistic. Generally, most of the ethics theories recognized the personal moral philosophy (PMP) as one of important elements for individuals ethical decision making process. Forsyth (1980) has designed a 2 X 2 category of moral philosophies based on these two dimensions. He terms the integrated system of ethics as personal moral philosophy (PMP). According to Forsyth (1980) a persons moral beliefs, attitudes and values are included PMP. In the PMP, it provides the guidelines for moral judgments, solutions to ethical dilemmas, because it contains the elements produced by previous experiences in resolving ethical dilemmas (Chan, Othman Joned, 2011). As Forsyth (1980) states relativism is the degree to which an individual rejects universal moral rules as appropriate guidelines for ethical decisions. Forsyth (1992) argued moral rules exist in a situational context as a function of time, place and culture and relativism said that moral absolutes should be rejected. Normally, high relativistic people who will believe the universal ethical codes or moral principles are not important when making ethical judgments and decision because they must consider external factors also. While, low relativistic person when making a moral judgments or decision will more stress on the importance of rigid adherence to ethical codes. Forsyth (1988) explained that idealism is involves expand of an individuals concern with the welfare of others. This is the degree to which an individual believes that desirable consequences can, with the right action, always be obtained (Forsyth, 1980). An idealist believes that morally correct actions will always produce negative and also positive consequences (Forsyth, 1980). A person who are highly idealistic individuals are believe that harming is avoidable, and they would rather not choose if the decision will lead to negative consequences for other people (Karande, Rao, Singhapakdi, 2002). Idealism involves the values which related to sense of optimism in considering responses to moral issues; however, it is not based on an embrace of moral absolutes (Singhapakdi, Vitell, Franke, 1999). Therefore, idealism and relativism are conceptually independent, and individuals maybe high or low on either dimensions (Forsyth, 1980; Karande, 2002). From the previous research and finding found that many authors concluded the differences in personal moral philosophies are influence individuals toward the argumentative of ethical issues (business ethics). Based on the variety of social and ethics issues, the personal moral philosophy have shown that the beliefs on which ethical decisions should be made are important elements of attitudes (Chan, Othman Joned, 2011). 5.0 The Relationship Between Integrity and Ethics In Organization An organizations success depends on the integrity of its employees. Over the past several of the studies, many documented evidence proven of unethical behaviour in organizations (McDonal Nijhof, 1999). The lack of morality and ethics (employee) in an organization will results in lost security and credibility. The employees are the person who always contact with customers; therefore, they are representative of organizations image. If an employee acts without integrity will cause organizations reputation damaged and both customers and employees a tragic loss (Czimbal Brooks, nd.). The behaviour and performance of leaders were assumed to affect other people and organization (Cielo, nd.). According to Cheney (2006) organizations that have conducted an ethical orientation will witness the improved reputations. Generally, most theories and empirical research have attributed unethical behaviour to situational variables associated with the organization, characteristics of the individuals, or the interaction between these two factors (Trevin, 1986; Ford Richardson, 1994; Loe, 2000). Following by this, ethics and integrity also became a research focus, and specifically the relationship between a contribute individuals prosperity and the collective good. However, Dehspande (1996) argued that ethics policies in an organization and ethical behaviour of employees and management within an organization are two different concepts; yet, they do influence each other. According to Peterson (2003) the degree to which a person believes in universal moral is influence by how are the situational variables is. That is, some individuals may believe that certain acts such as bribe, unfaithful, are always wrong. However, the other individuals may reject the concept that there are universal moral rules and assume that what make up ethical behaviour depends on the situation of the behaviour. One of the possibilities that is, every people is different, in terms of their degree of believe in universal moral rules, and the belief that related to ethics. All such elements have been incorporated into a number of theories on ethical behaviour. The belief of ethics is relative incorporated into a number of theories on ethical behaviour is related to the possibility that individuals differ in terms of the degree to which they believe. One of the situational factors is after the observed unethical behaviour among many organizations; it assumed that the much of the differences is the integrity or ethical attitudes of the organizations leaders (Sims Brinkmann, 2002). According to Resick, Hanges, Marcus, Dickson, and Mitchelson (2006) explored approval that one of the components that characterize ethical leadership is integrity. Due to Beu and Buckley (2004) claimed that organization members will be influences if that leaders with unethical practices. Follow by Simons (1999) studied integral behaviour as an ingredient of leadership and found that a meaningful direct relationship between integrity and the ability to incur the changes. Davis and Rothslein (2006) further commented that ethical leadership involves personal integrity. The six core universal moral values stated in the Aspen Declaration have been referred to by other business ethicists (Carroll, 1993; Schwartz,2002) Josephson institute of ethics (1996) claim that what appear from the analysis is that moral values are declaim by other resources. The values include the following (Josephson, 1996): Trustworthiness (including the notions of honesty, integrity, reliability, and loyalty; Respect (including concept of civility, autonomy, and tolerance); Responsibility (including notions of accountability, excellence, and self- restraint); Fairness (including concepts of process, impartiality and equity); Caring (including notions of concern for the welfare of others, as well as benevolence);and Citizenship (including concept of respecting the law and protecting environment). According to Peterson Forsyth (1980) was proposed that the beliefs of individuals varied along from a strong belief in universal moral rules to a belief that ethics is relative. Kohlbergs (1969) original model viewed moral development as progressing through a series of stages and levels. An individual are assumed to believe in universal values or principles where highest level of moral are developed. It would seem logical to assume that individuals would not easily to be affected others views, such as leaders in organization because of the strong belief in universal moral rules (Peterson, 2003). Forsyths model normally individual who expected to solve ethical dilemma is adapted to belief in universal moral rules. However, in Kohlbergs model, individuals functioning at the highest level of moral reasoning are assumed to follow to a self-chosen set of moral rules and are expected to reason beyond the norms, laws, or authority of any individual group. Therefore, it acceptable to say that individual with strong belief in moral rules is not easily to be influenced. Conversely, it also reasonable to say that individuals who are strongly belief universal moral rules could be easily influenced by external factors in determining ethically appropriate. In Forsyths framework, individual will judge ethical dilemmas based on their personal perception and knowledge towards the situation if they do not belief in universal moral values. However, according to Kohbergs model, some of the individual will classified at the level of moral to determine ethically appropriate based on their expectations of behaviour of others, such as family, a peer group, or society in general. Therefore, based on all these theories, people who not believe in universal moral rules seems likely easily influenced by others, as well as the leaders in the organization ( Peterson, 2003). 6.0 Conclusion The relationship between integrity and ethics remains unclear because the researchers (McAllister, 1995; Kramer, 2000; Tyler, 2003) failed to declare the relationship between these two concepts through their researches. The reasons behind this phenomenon are clear as the relationship between integrity and ethics are mutual in nature. Integrity is a personal code of conduct that goes above the letter of good conduct and encompasses the spirit of good conduct (Shane, 2007) whereas ethics is an entity to be formed within a societal or environmental situation. The foundation assumption of ethics is that it develops through time, space and context. Integrity defined as the consistency of an acting entitys words and actions (Palanski Yammarino, 2007). The reciprocal relationship has create confusion towards the understanding on how exactly these two distinct concepts works in a social phenomenon. Kohlberg theory attempts to capture the whole relationship between these two dimensions which is integrity and ethics. However, this theory is still way behind to explain the relationship. Kohlbergs theory is concerned with moral thinking, but there are always a big gap between knowing what we should to do and our real actions (Cherry, nd.). Perceived an individuals functioning at the highest level of moral reasoning are assumed to follow to a self-chosen set of moral rules and are expected to reason beyond the norms, laws, or authority of any individual group (Peterson, 2003) . Thus, it adequate to about that individual with strong belief in moral rules is not easily to be influenced. The challenge of modern society is that there is a missing link between people and the quality of integrity. It has been lost to most in our world and culture. Some people not even know what integrity means. Integrity is a model of truthful and honest, yet its value in society seems to be underrated. Integrity is complete honesty in any situation (Flynn, 1978). Having a high level of integrity is one of the most important characteristic people can possess. It is a core value, a choice and something people can nurture. Integrity means totally ethical behavior at all times and in all situations, regardless of the consequences. People may not always be right or do right, but if people have integrity, they will accept the responsibility associate with their actions. People will feel remorse if they have done something wrong and revise their mistakes to ensure it will not happen in the future. A general is that an organization always overvalues the differentiation of the organization culture from the national culture. Different organization from a given country share many characteristics (Hofstede 1991; Zander 1997). They are differing according to the ethical values focused on and the implementation approaches used. Some companies focus on the core values of integrity that reflect basic obligations, such as respect for the rights of others, honesty, fair dealing, and obedience to the law. Other companies highlight ambitions values that are ethically desirable but not necessarily morally obligatory such as good service to customers, a commitment to diversity, and involvement in the community (Paine, 2001). As widely defined, integrity is more than ethics (Duggar, nd.). However, the issue arise is that it is hard for one to be classified as an individual of integrity. This is because the meaning of integrity itself is ambiguous and confusing, for instance, Turnnet (nd.) stated that individual of integrity will be responsible to keep promises. In practice, we are hardly to judge whether someone are keeping promise based on their responsibility. For instance, an employee could work overtime because he wants to keep his promises and responsibility in completing tasks. It may also happen because the employee intends to earn overtime paid by dragging the given tasks. Unlike ethics, integrity has no guideline or code to be followed. As mention by Duggar, integrity is about fair, just and acceptable. However these elements are hardly to be standardized as it is very subjective.

Impact of the Digital Age on Society Today

Impact of the Digital Age on Society Today Discuss the impact of the digital age on the social, economic and political life of society today. The Information Age (also known as the Computer Age, Digital Age, or New Media Age) is a period in human history characterized by the shift from traditional industry that the industrial revolution brought through industrialization, to an economy based on information computerization. The onset of the Information Age is associated with the Digital Revolution, just as the Industrial Revolution marked the onset of the Industrial Age. During the information age, the phenomenon is that the digital industry creates a knowledge-based society surrounded by a high-tech global economy that spans over its influence on how the manufacturing throughput and the service sector operate in an efficient and convenient way. In a commercialized society, the information industry is able to allow individuals to explore their personalized needs, therefore simplifying the procedure of making decisions for transactions and significantly lowering costs for both the producers and buyers. This is accepted overwhelmingly by participants throughout the entire economic activities for efficacy purposes, and new economic incentives would then be indigenously encouraged, such as the knowledge economy.[1] The Information Age formed by capitalizing on the computer microminiaturization advances, with a transition spanning from the advent of the personal computer in the late 1970s, to the Internets reaching a critical mass in the early 1990s, and the adoption of such technology by the public in the two decades after 1990. This evolution of technology in daily life, as well as of educational life style, the Information Age has allowed rapid global communications and networking to shape modern society. The impact of digital age on the social life of the society today is connected with one’s position in the society, his social class and also his social background, nowadays, there are so many changes in the social aspect of our lives. A very good example of this is festival, changes in tradition and also in the mood of dressing, all this became possible because of the impact of digital age we have today. If we look around us today, it’s hard to find a person that has not added anything new to his traditional attires , what I mean here is, for instance, for the Hausa’s and also the Fulani’s, there were not know for wearing jeans and tops, but now it has become a common thing based on socialization. Before, many do not believe in going to school especially the Fulani’s, they only believe in rearing cattle’s while the women among them are to stay at home, but now, everyone wants to be in school, illiteracy is darkness, people don’t believ e in staying at home doing nothing anymore, for at least even when they lack the opportunity or don’t have the means of going school or seeking for job opportunity, they will prepare engaging themselves in a small business just for them to earn something for a living. There are so many changes due to the impact digital age on the social life of our societies today. The digital age as made the means of communication easier for the world because you can send a message to someone in new york from Nigeria. The digital age as affected the politics of the am economy because you are able to find out the party that as the higher polls making it possibel for the other compeiton to know where they stand at the point of the election. It as aided the politician to be able to have a wider amount of suppoter or vote in the campaign because they can easily broadcast their speechs on the web making people like them more . Over the last 10 years, weve seen social media galvanize thousands over politics, create as many industries as it has destroyed, and offer an abundance of visual and audio entertainment.But has all this incredible change actually changed us, or just the world we live in? Below are some areas in which social media has had lasting, and arguably permanent effects on the ways in which we live. The question is, are these changes all for the better? Child Literacy It stands to reason that children who read and write more are better at reading and writing. And writing blog posts, status updates, text messages, instant messages, and the like all motivate children to read and write. Last month, The National Literacy Trust released the results of a survey of over 3000 children. Theyobserved a correlation between childrens engagement with social media and their literacy. Simply put, social media has helped children become more literate. Indeed, Eurostat recently published a report drawing a correlation between education and online activity, which found that online activity increased with the level of formal activity (socio-economic factors are, of course, potentially at play here as well). Ambient Intimacy Lisa Reichelt, a user experience consultant in Londoncoined the very pleasant term ambient intimacy. It describes the way in which social media allows you to keep in touch with people with a level of regularity and intimacy that you wouldn’t usually have access to, because time and space conspire to make it impossible. Consider the many communications technologies through history — the telephone, Morse code, semaphore, carrier pigeons, smoke signals — they are all fairly inconvenient and labor intensive. Lisa has hit on the idea that communication has become so convenient that its actually become ambient around us. It surrounds us wherever we want it, not necessarily whenit wants us. We dip into it whenever we like. Knowledge Was Power From his Meditationes Sacrae, published in 1597,Francis Bacon was paraphrased as saying knowledge is power. Fundamentally, the more you understand about life, the more chance you have at success. But these days, Wikipedia and Google have democratized information to the point where anyone is able toacquirethe knowledge they may want. As a case in point, I had never even heard of Meditationes Sacrae until I looked up the term knowledge is power on Wikipedia.In Bacons time, the only people that had access to books and the literacy to unlock the wisdom within were the wealthy with the time and inclination to learn. Of course, books werent the only source of knowledge. Consider blacksmiths, dressmakers, cobblers or sailors who passed their skills and techniques from mother to daughter, from father to son. Back then, the friction that held people back from learning was low literacy, a lack of access to books and very little time. Now, that friction is almost non-existent. That is because of both the ability of computers to replicate information for distribution, and the the way that Google, Wikipedia and blogs have empowered people to share what they know. Now,the only real friction that exists is our own desire for knowledge. Its there for you — if you want it. The Reinvention of Politics A recent report by PEW found signs that social networks may be encouraging younger people to get involved in politics. You only need look at Twitters recent impact on the Iran elections, the Orange Revolution in Ukraine, and even the election of Barack Obama to see that more and more people are getting involved in politics and are feeling they can make a difference. One of the most popular blogs on the web, The Huffington Post, is mainly political. Politics has a fast pace, and that lends itself well to social media. UK Prime Minister, Gordon Brown said in June last year that because of the Internet, foreign policy can no longer be the province of just a few elites. Twitter even postponed an upgrade because of the important role it was playing in the Iran elections. These are all signs of both social medias growing influence in politics, and the growing interest in politics from users of social media. The down side for poltic in the digital age is that most information can be gotten from th internet aboout any party making it a disadvantage in the campaign if he or she as a bad record either a fake degree or something a voter would not like about whom he wanted to vote for .Tecchnology has changed the way we live, work, shop and play. We can bank, shop and donate securely from anywhere we can access the Internet. We can to communicate across oceans and continents in seconds. We can work from anywhere, increasing efficiency and productivity. Yet, Nigeria education has yet to embrace the power of technology to customize education and give students the ability to gain knowledge anywhere, anytime. Digital learning can change that. Digital learning is any type of learning that gives students some element of control over time, place, path and/or pace. It allows students to learn in their own way, on their own timetable, wherever they are, whenever they can. Students are using digital learning everywhere – except school. They are gaming, texting and posting on the Internet. Imagine if we channel those digital skills into learning? Student achievement would skyrocket. But still the digital age as a negative effect on the education system,as part of the English class, students wrote and edited their stories on screen and I was amazed how motivated they were and how much time and effort they put into their work. Since the early to mid 90s I have used computers and the internet on a daily basis and as I sit typing this chapter into my fifth-generation Macintosh (while checking emails, paying some bills, downloading research papers and Skyping friends) I realise the value of the new technologies and how useful they are. We live in a global village with instant communication via television, computers, the internet, mobile phones and social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter and Skype. While parents are often described as out-of-date and old-fashioned when it comes to new technology, children are celebrated as digital natives. Impact on jobs and income distribution The Information Age has impacted the workforce in several ways. First, it has created a situation in which workers who perform tasks which are easily automated are being forced to find work which involves tasks that are not easily automated. Second, workers are being forced to compete in a global job market. Lastly, workers are being replaced by computers that can do the job more effectively and faster. This poses problems for workers in industrial societies, which are still to be solved. However, solutions that involve lowering the working time usually find high resistance. Jobs traditionally associated with the middle class (assembly line workers, data processors, foremen and supervisors) are beginning to disappear, either through outsourcing or automation. Individuals who lose their jobs must either move up, joining a group of mind workers (engineers, doctors, attorneys, teachers, scientists, professors, executives, journalists, consultants), or settle for low-skill, low-wage service jobs. The mind workers are able to compete successfully in the world market and command high wages. Conversely, production workers and service workers in industrialized nations are unable to compete with workers in developing countries and either lose their jobs through outsourcing or are forced to accept wage cuts.[6] In addition, the internet makes it possible for workers in developing countries to provide in-person services and compete directly with their counterparts in other nations. This has had several major consequences, including increased opportunity in developing countries and the globalization of the workforce. Workers in developing countries have a competitive advantage which translates into increased opportunities and higher wages.[7] The full impact on the workforce in developing countries is complex and has downsides. (see discussion in section on globalization). In the past, the economic fate of workers was tied to the fate of national economies. For example, workers in the United States were once well paid in comparison to the workers in other countries. With the advent of the Information Age and improvements in communication, this is no longer the case. Because workers are forced to compete in a global job market, wages are less dependent on the success or failure of individual economies.[6] In conclusion, digital age had so much impact on the social, economic and political life of the societies today because it has brought so much changes in our daily aspects of life and also helps us to improve and reshape our environment with the aid of practical, experimental and scientific knowledge or technology. Impact on social life The digital age as made communication easier and faster for indivdual and firm of all countries but this the social network in the world as made it harder for indivdual to have face to face conversations eferences Amichai-Hamburger, Y., Barak, A. (2009). Internet and well-being. In Y.Amichai-Hamburger (Ed.), Technology and psychological well-being.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Anderson, C. A. (2002). Violent video games and aggressive thought, feelingsand behaviors. In S. Calvert, A. Jordan, R. Cocking (Eds.), Children in thedigital age (pp. 101–120). Westport, CT.: Praeger.Anderson, C.A., Bushman, B.J. (2002). The effects of media violence onsociety. Science , 295 , 2377-2378.Antoci, A., Sabatini, F., Sodini, M. (2009). Will growth and technology destroysocial interaction? The inverted U-shape hypothesis . Munich Personal RePEcArchivehttp://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18229Accessed 15 th January 2010.Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.Barylick, C. (n.d.). Technology and social isolation. Retrieved fromhttp://irchelp.org/irchelp/misc/tech.htmlAccessed 12th January 2010.Bauerlein, M. (2008). The dumbest generation: How the digital age stupefiesyoung Americans and jeopardizes our future . New York, NY: Penguin.BBC (2009) Online networking ‘harms health’. London: BBC News Website.http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7898510.stmAccessed 12th January 2010.

planet x :: essays research papers

Did you know that PLANET X will pass through our solar system again in 2003 after approximately 3660 years of absence on its regular orbit? Like most people you probably do not know this. The knowledge has been kept away from the public for several reasons, one of which is to avoid causing panic among the world's population. #1 question -- Will you be in a safe area? Will you be ready or do you care for your loved ones lives? We live in a binary system. Our suns dark twin lies toward the Orion galaxy. Planet X is a rogue planet or brown dwarf star. X's orbit takes it back and forth between both suns. It takes approximately 3660 years for one orbit. X being a brown dwarf is very dense compared to a normal planet its same size. It's gravitational and magnetic pull on the planets it passes is so strong it disrupts their surfaces. The molten liquid mainly iron ore core of Earth aligns quickly to X as it passes. The crust or surface resists somewhat. Earths crust separates with its liquid core and causes a physical pole shift. The new poles end up in completely different areas of the globe. Mega world wide earthquakes, hurricanes and tidal waves result in a changed world. Water is the most dangerous part of the situation. Known earthquake zones where the plates meet will let loose. Land masses will rise and fall. The archeological evidence of this happening on a regular basis to Earth coinciding to X's orbit is overwhelming. There is also clear evidence translated from several ancient cultures that give detailed references to Planet X and all of our planets in our immediate solar system. The controllers of Earths economies and media are fully aware, prepared enough for themselves only and not allowing this out through the major media. A collapse of the stock and financial markets along with panic would issue if they did. You've no doubt read the intuitive that have delicately been trying to warn the masses. I give you all the facts and reasons behind the events in a very indelicate, open, honest straight forward manner. The media boys have already cried wolf with Y2k and a simple planetary alignment that never caused any disruptions before. Now the wolf of Planet X is at our door and you are getting the silent treatment. planet x :: essays research papers Did you know that PLANET X will pass through our solar system again in 2003 after approximately 3660 years of absence on its regular orbit? Like most people you probably do not know this. The knowledge has been kept away from the public for several reasons, one of which is to avoid causing panic among the world's population. #1 question -- Will you be in a safe area? Will you be ready or do you care for your loved ones lives? We live in a binary system. Our suns dark twin lies toward the Orion galaxy. Planet X is a rogue planet or brown dwarf star. X's orbit takes it back and forth between both suns. It takes approximately 3660 years for one orbit. X being a brown dwarf is very dense compared to a normal planet its same size. It's gravitational and magnetic pull on the planets it passes is so strong it disrupts their surfaces. The molten liquid mainly iron ore core of Earth aligns quickly to X as it passes. The crust or surface resists somewhat. Earths crust separates with its liquid core and causes a physical pole shift. The new poles end up in completely different areas of the globe. Mega world wide earthquakes, hurricanes and tidal waves result in a changed world. Water is the most dangerous part of the situation. Known earthquake zones where the plates meet will let loose. Land masses will rise and fall. The archeological evidence of this happening on a regular basis to Earth coinciding to X's orbit is overwhelming. There is also clear evidence translated from several ancient cultures that give detailed references to Planet X and all of our planets in our immediate solar system. The controllers of Earths economies and media are fully aware, prepared enough for themselves only and not allowing this out through the major media. A collapse of the stock and financial markets along with panic would issue if they did. You've no doubt read the intuitive that have delicately been trying to warn the masses. I give you all the facts and reasons behind the events in a very indelicate, open, honest straight forward manner. The media boys have already cried wolf with Y2k and a simple planetary alignment that never caused any disruptions before. Now the wolf of Planet X is at our door and you are getting the silent treatment.